TfL Complaints

Susan Hall: How many complaints have TfL received for not assisting blind and visually impaired customers in each year since 2016?

The Mayor: I have asked Transport for London to prepare this data analysis for you. It will provide an update to this response once this work is complete.

Motorbike Accidents 4

Keith Prince: Over the past three years, what are the top five hotspots for serious and fatal accidents involving motorcyclists in London?

The Mayor: The latest provisional figures from the police for fatal or serious collisions are available to the end April 2020. These figures have been validated to meet the Department for Transport’s ‘Instructions for the Completion of Road Accident Reports’ https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/230596/stats20-2011.pdf.
Below is a list of the top five road sections with the greatest number of collisions involving a motorcycle for the three years to the end of April 2020. These figures are not adjusted for the length of the road section or volume of motorcycling on each road section. Please note that 2020 figures are currently provisional and subject to change.
Top five road sections with the greatest number of fatal or serious collisions involving a motorcycle in the Greater London area

Air quality at schools and school greening (1)

Leonie Cooper: How many schools have received funding from the School Air Quality Audit for greening projects?

The Mayor: Following the completion of the School Air Quality Audit Programme, I provided 49 schools with a starter grant of £10,000 each, to kick-start the delivery of measures recommended by their audit reports.
Of the 49 schools receiving funding, 41 decided to spend some of their starter grant on greening projects. A range of greening measures were delivered including green screens, tree planting, edible gardens and air purifying plants. To help raise awareness, some schools enabled parents and children to get involved in activities such as tree planting.
19 schools that took part in the Air Quality Audit programme also received funding from my Community Green Space Grants, part of the Greener City Fund. In total £303,000 was provided from the fund to help these schools deliver a range of greening projects including installing green screens and planting trees.

Air quality at schools and school greening (3)

Leonie Cooper: Have any schools been provided with funding outside of the School Air Quality Audit for greening projects to improve air quality?

The Mayor: Since 2018, a total of £561,000 from my Greener City Fund Community Green Space Grants has been provided to 38 schools for greening projects to tackle air pollution.
19 schools that took part in my Air Quality Audit programme received additional funding from the Greener City Fund to help implement audit recommendations and other greening measures, such as installing green screens and planting trees. A further 19 schools that did not take part in the audit programme, but that were in areas of high air pollution, have also received funding for greening projects focused on reducing children’s exposure to air pollution.
32 of these projects are now complete, with the remaining 6 due to be completed by March 2021.

City of London - London Recharged: Our Vision for London in 2025

Leonie Cooper: Will you join me in welcoming the City of London’s innovative publication entitled ‘London Recharged: Our Vision for London in 2025’ which sets out a pathway for a sustainable economic recovery for the City of London?

The Mayor: Yes I welcome the leadership of the City of London in developing the London Recharged report that provides clear actions of how we can harness the business expertise and innovation in London to drive a green and sustainable recovery. The London Recovery Board has been clear that businesses in London will play an important role in London’s recovery and can help drive our response to the climate emergency. I look forward to seeing how the actions identified can support this.

MD2703

Leonie Cooper: How many Londoners do you anticipate will benefit from reducing digital exclusion as a result of MD2703?

The Mayor: MD2703 https://www.london.gov.uk/decisions/md2703-european-social-fund-london-call-3 - allocates up to £5 million from London’s share of the European Social Fund (ESF) to support up to 10,000 individuals to access the labour market through the loan of digital devices - such as laptops- and/or the provision of data for them.
This has been progressed through an open ESF ‘call’ for eligible projects, which has now closed.
The bids received are now being assessed by the GLA’s European Programmes Management Unit. The total value of those bids was less than £5m, and not all the bids are likely to be successful.
The number of people we expect to benefit from the loan of these devices cannot therefore be calculated as yet; but will be available before the end of this year.

TfL - NR Season Tickets

Susan Hall: Can you provide updated information as originally provided in 2019/21092, regarding TfL National Rail season tickets?

The Mayor: Transport for London employees are eligible to claim a 75 per cent reimbursement on the cost of a point to point annual standard class rail season ticket. This is an important part of its overall reward offer. Information on the cost of this scheme and the number of employees using it for the previous five financial years are provided in the attached table.

Travel Incentives

Shaun Bailey: Have you considered offering travel incentives to TfL passengers in order to increase footfall in central London when it is safe to do so?

The Mayor: Transport for London (TfL) did review a range of promotional options earlier in the year that might have helped to increase the number of people using its services, including those that serve central London.None of the proposals were taken foward due to ongoing risks of tighter movement restrictions being introduced and the need to properly assess the financial impact any such scheme. Of course, now is not the right time to progress any proposals given current travel guidance.

Contributions to freedom passes

Navin Shah: Concessionary travel for 60+ has hit the headlines for the wrong reasons. I want the ‘freedom to travel’ for older people. However, my constituent has written to me, stating that he, and others, would be more than happy to contribute towards the cost of their freedom passes. This would be entirely voluntary and not compulsory for anyone. Is this an idea that could be considered as an element of funding?

The Mayor: I am pleased to say that the latest funding deal that TfL reached with the Government means that the threat to free travel for older people have now been lifted.
On the question of voluntary contributions, the Freedom Pass is funded by the London boroughs. Your constituent's suggestion may therefore be best directed towards their local authority.

New deal for young people

Jennette Arnold: What work are you doing to include disabled young people and those with SEND needs in your New Deal for Young People?

The Mayor: At this tough time for our city, it is more important than ever that we are aware of vulnerable groups, including children and young people with special educational needs and disability (SEND).
The London Recovery Programme’s ‘New Deal for Young People’ recognises how the pandemic has impacted on young Londoners and will focus on helping the most disadvantaged.
It presents an opportunity to work collectively with a wide range of stakeholders to improve the outlook and experiences for London’s young people, and ensure that sufficient, quality support is available for young people in need and for all young Londoners.
Consultation on the mission will include organisations that support children and young people with SEND. We will ensure their voices, and those of all young Londoners, are at the heart of shaping and delivering the mission.

Early years

Jennette Arnold: Since the end of lockdown, only around 50% of children are back at their early years provision provider. For many centres that rely on private fees, they will be struggling to manage, and many have already reported the need for redundancies within their staff. What support are you giving these centres to ensure they stay open in London?

The Mayor: London’s early years provision is crucial for social and economic recovery. I am grateful to the sector for their continuing hard work and support to London families.
To support London’s Private, Voluntary and Independent (PVI) early years providers, we have secured support through the London Business Hub who has partnered with Early Years Alliance to offer sector-specific business support. Until December this year, PVIs can access free resources, workshops and webinars. The offer has been met with high demand, with additional workshops set up to ensure those who need support can access it.
I have commissioned research into the provision of longer term sector-specific business support and I am conducing a survey of London parents. This will provide evidence-based recommendations for the early years sector, including developing effective activities to increase parental demand.
I will continue to make the case to the Government for increased funding levels for the early years sector to ensure it survives the impact of this pandemic.

Collingwood Road traffic levels

Caroline Pidgeon: Collingwood Road in Sutton experiences excessive levels of heavy traffic, with many residents suffering from noise and vibrations affecting their properties. Please set out what steps TfL is taking to help address these serious problems. Will TfL consider funding a ‘bus gate’ camera at the by-pass end of this road to trigger penalty notices being sent to vehicles which exceed the weight restriction of vehicles using this road?

The Mayor: Transport for London (TfL) has worked with the London Borough of Sutton, which is the highway authority for Collingwood Road, supporting the review of existing signage on the A217 Oldfields Road and the speed limit between the boundary of the Transport for London Road Network and Collingwood Road.
TfL has installed new weight restriction signs at the junction of Oldfield Road and Collingwood Road, and the speed limit has been reduced to 20 mph on the first 60 metres into Collingwood Road, with new signage installed
TfL is also working with the bus operator to identify alternative routes for the delivery of fuel to its Bushey Road garage. TfL will continue to work with the borough to explore options such as a bus gate in order to introduce traffic calming measures.

Black Curriculum (1)

Jennette Arnold: Can you provide an update on your work with the Black Curriculum?

The Mayor: At the beginning of Black History Month, I was proud to announce my partnership with The Black Curriculum to help develop new content for my London Curriculum’s three history resources. This will support teachers with the knowledge, tools and confidence to teach more Black history across London’s schools and throughout the academic year.
On 17 and 21 October, The Black Curriculum held focus groups with young Londoners from my Lynk Up Crew and Peer Outreach Team to understand their school experiences and record their suggestions for improvements. These have informed the review that The Black Curriculum are undertaking, and we will be moving forward with their recommendations over the next few months in order to relaunch the updated resources in the spring term.

Racism in Schools

Jennette Arnold: A recent poll by YMCA found that most black children experience racism at school. With 70% feeling under pressure over afro hair, 95% hearing racist language and half think racism is the biggest barrier to success. What are you doing to tackle racism in schools?

The Mayor: I have spoken out against racism in all its forms and made clear that racism and inequality must be rooted out from our public institutions. Racist language and actions are unacceptable anywhere in society. Please see response to Mayor’s Question 2020/3348.

Black Curriculum (2)

Jennette Arnold: What work have you done to encourage schools in London to include black authors in the curriculum?

The Mayor: My partnership with The Black Curriculum demonstrates both my proud support of the wider campaign to embed Black history in schools and my own commitment to helping London schools achieve this through my London Curriculum history resources.
However, the Government and exam boards are key drivers as to what texts and authors schools teach. This is why on 2 October, I wrote to the Secretary of State for Education, Gavin Williamson, to call on Government to work with exam boards to ensure that the texts, art and music they set better reflect Britain’s rich ethnic diversity of authors, artists and lived experience.
I will continue to make the case for this in my response to the Government’s Commission on Race and Ethnic Disparities, in which their Education sub-group is considering how the curriculum could highlight the contributions of different communities. I hope this will provide opportunity to make positive changes to the National Curriculum and for the voices of London’s communities, schools and young people to be heard.

School exclusions

Jennette Arnold: An Institute of Race Relations (IRR) report focusing on London says government responses to serious youth violence and knife crime have led to black pupils disproportionately being sent to pupil referral units and alternative provision. What work are you doing to tackle these prejudices in London schools?

The Mayor: We all need to better understand why certain groups are disproportionately excluded from mainstream schooling and work together to change this. In London, the rates of pupils with one or more fixed-period exclusions are highest among Black pupils and lowest for Asian pupils.
I have recently commissioned research on reducing exclusions in London that will focus on what additional early intervention and multi-agency action can be taken to support schools to be more inclusive and nurturing. Within this, we seek to better understand interventions that are addressing the disproportionate impact of exclusions on different ethnic groups. Through a combination of evidence gathering and practice sharing this work aims to provide practical resources for use by schools and boroughs.
My Violence Reduction Unit’s is working with over 200 schools through it’s ‘Supporting Inclusive Schools’ programme, and their new ‘Pupil Referral Unit Support’ programme will help improve the service for some of London’s most disadvantaged children. This adds to further investment in afterschool activities that will support vulnerable young people to re-engage with their education.

Mentoring

Jennette Arnold: Just 150 of the 1,000 academic mentors promised as part of the government’s £1bn education catchup plans will be in schools in England by the end of the year. Can you provide an update on your work to provide mentors to young Londoners?

The Mayor: The Recovery Programme’s New Deal for Young People recognises how the coronavirus pandemic has impacted young people’s mental and physical wellbeing, their safety, potential, education and job prospects. Its mission is that by 2024, all young people in need are entitled to a personal mentor and all young Londoners have access to quality local youth activities. I am consulting stakeholders and will provide further details soon.
A list of current mentoring opportunities for young Londoners has been provided in Mayor’s Question 2020/4177.
High quality tuition to help close the attainment gap which the pandemic has widened is crucial. The Government must expand the universal catch-up premium and the National Tutoring Programme beyond this academic year in order to address the lasting impact of school closures.

Widening attainment gap

Jennette Arnold: During lockdown 74% of private school students received full days of teaching, compared with 38% of state school students. This learning loss will result in the widening of the attainment gap. What work are you doing to try to close the attainment gap since lockdown?

The Mayor: We have been working with the education and youth sectors to help ensure that London’s progress in closing the attainment gap is not lost.
My Stepping Stones programme has been supporting vulnerable students as they transition to secondary school, and the Violence Reduction Unit’s new ‘Pupil Referral Unit Support Programme’ will help some of London’s most disadvantaged children.
Many Young Londoners Fund projects are already providing catch-up support, and in August, I announced a further £2.1m to help 15,000 more young Londoners boost their skills and improve their mental health.
Tackling educational inequalities is part of our work to shape a New Deal for Young People – under which by 2024, all young people in need are entitled to a personal mentor and all young Londoners have access to quality local youth activities.
Please also see response to Mayor’s Question 2020/3860.

Nominee Passes

Susan Hall: Can you provide the most up to date figures on nominee passes, as previously provided for MQ 2019/20213?

The Mayor: The attached table provides a breakdown of the number of Nominee Pass holders by type, as of 10 November 2020.

Improving Air quality at Schools

Leonie Cooper: With levels of PM 2.5 improving, what measures are you taking to increase the improvements at those schools where air pollution still exceeds recommended levels?

The Mayor: My bold measures to tackle London’s air pollution, prior to the Covid-19 pandemic, have already cut the number of state schools with illegal levels of NO2 by 97 per cent – from 455 schools in 2016 to just 14 in 2019. I am determined to continue to work in partnership with the boroughs to do more to tackle poor air quality around schools, which stunts the growth of children’s lungs and worsens chronic illness, such as asthma, lung and heart disease.
Earlier this month I announced a new London Schools Pollution Helpdesk. Starting in the new year, the helpdesk will support schools Londonwide to deliver air quality audits. Audit recommendations for measures to help reduce exposure to pollution (NO­2 and PM2.5) could include closing surrounding roads to traffic at school pick-up and drop-off times, walking and scooting campaigns, adding green infrastructure like green screens and tackling engine idling.

The Improving Safety in Private Hire Vehicle’s Consultation

Keith Prince: The Improving Safety in Private Hire Vehicle’s Consultation closed on 25th October 2018. Why hasn’t the mayor published the findings and which proposals does he intend to implement?

The Mayor: As I have explained previously, including in Mayor’s Questions 2020/1721 and 2020/0089, some of the proposals containedin Transport for London’s (TfL) Improving Safety in Private Hire Vehicles consultationwereclosely aligned withthework of the Department for Transport’s Task and Finish Group on Taxi and Private Hire Licensingand the subsequent Government consultation on statutory standardsfor taxi and private hire licensing, which took place in 2019.
In September 2018, the Chair of the Taskand Finish Grouppublished his report with several recommendations for theGovernment. In July 2020 the Government’sstatutory standards for taxi and private hire licensing were published. It was pleasing to note thata number of the standards are already in place in LondonandTfL is nowworking to implement the remainder of the standards, a number of which directly relate to the proposals contained in its ‘Improving Safety in Private Hire Vehicles’ consultation.

Separated food waste and CO2 reduction

Leonie Cooper: If all boroughs separated food waste what is the estimated reduction in CO2 from not sending this for incineration?

The Mayor: My priority is for London to reduce the amount of food waste produced in the first place. Food waste makes up around 26 per cent of London’s household waste, approximately 780,000 tonnes. If all this waste was separately collected and sent for anaerobic digestion it would save around 375,000 tonnes of lifecycle CO2 equivalent emissions each year.
This is equivalent to the emissions of nearly 110,000 homes in 2016.

Motorbike Accidents 1

Keith Prince: For each of the years November 2017 to October 2018, November 2018 to October 2019 and November 2019 to October 2020, please provide the number of motorcyclist fatalities in London?

The Mayor: We receive early notification of fatalities in London from the Metropolitan and City of London Police Services and can provide the following numbers. Please note that 2020 figures are currently provisional and subject to change.
Fatal motorcyclist casualties in the Greater London area
November 2017 - October 2018
23
November 2018 - October 2019
27
November 2019 - October 2020 provisional
35
The number of people killed whilst riding or as pillion passengers of a motorcycle during 2019 was 29 percent lower when compared to the average for 2005-2009. This is the baseline against which Transport for London (TfL) measures progress towards the Mayor’s vision zero targets.
More details can be found in the ‘Casualties in Greater London during 2019’ factsheet at http://content.tfl.gov.uk/casualties-in-greater-london-2019.pdf
The most recent provisional fatality figures are published at https://tfl.gov.uk/cdn/static/cms/documents/provisional-fatalities-in-london-2019-2020.xlsx

Motorbike Accidents 2

Keith Prince: For each of the years November 2017 to October 2018, November 2018 to October 2019 and November 2019 to October 2020, please provide the number of motorcyclist serious accidents in London?

The Mayor: The latest provisional figures from the police for serious casualties are available to the end April 2020. These figures have been validated to meet the Department for Transport’s ‘Instructions for the Completion of Road Accident Reports’ https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/230596/stats20-2011.pdf.
Below are the number of people seriously injured whilst riding or as a pillion passenger of a motorcycle for the last three twelve-month periods to end April 2020. Please note that 2020 figures are currently provisional and subject to change.
Serious motorcyclist casualties in Greater London
May 2017 - April 2018
1,034
May 2018 - April 2019
1,102
May 2019 - April 2020 provisional
854
The number of people seriously injured whilst riding or as pillion passengers of a motorcycle during 2019 was 27 percent lower than the average for 2005-2009. This is the baseline against which Transport for London (TfL) measures progress towards the Mayor’s vision zero targets.
More details can be found in the ‘Casualties in Greater London during 2019’ factsheet at http://content.tfl.gov.uk/casualties-in-greater-london-2019.pdf

River Wandle - Beddington Treatment Plant

Steve O'Connell: Could the Mayor confirm whether or not there has been any recent difficulty at the Beddington treatment plant that might cause foaming?

The Mayor: My officers have contacted Thames Water who are responsible for the wastewater treatment works at Beddington. Foaming is not uncommon in rivers and according to the Environment Agency is often an entirely natural phenomenon. Thames Water report no issues or treatment failures at the works that could be leading to foaming in the River Wandle.
There is however, some discolouration of the effluent in the 2km partially open concrete culvert from Beddington sewage works to the discharge point into the River Wandle.Thames Water say they are currently working with the South East Rivers Trust to identify the cause. There are a number of surface water sewers that drain into this channel, which will be included in the investigation.
Protecting and improving the water quality in London’s waterways is a priority in my London Environment Strategy and vital as more Londoners use green spaces, including London’s river corridors for exercise and wellbeing. My officers will follow up with Thames Water and the South East Rivers Trust upon the outcome of the investigation, once complete.

TfL drug testing

Shaun Bailey: Does TfL undertake drug testing of its operational/safety critical staff? How much has it cost each year since 2015/16 and how many staff have been tested each year?

The Mayor: The Transport and Works Act 1992 contains provisions relating to the use of alcohol and drugs by certain individuals working on the railway, London Underground employees (agency staff and consultants) and sub-contractors defined as safety critical. Therefore, Transport for London undertakes drug testing of operational/safety critical staff at: pre-employment, for cause/post-incident, for monitoring purposes and unannounced testing. London Underground has decided that for unannounced testing a minimum of 5% of safety critical staff are tested per annum, but no maximum number has been set.
Cost per year and number of unannounced tests since 2015/16 is as follows:
2015/16
£161 000
894
2016/17
£249 000
831
2017/18
£123 000
706
2018/19
£75 000
739
2019/20
£86 000
666
2020/21
£43 000 YTD
Not yet available

Silvertown Tunnel (1)

Caroline Pidgeon: At the Mayor’s Question Time in October you stated:
“We are also working on schemes to enable pedestrians to be able to cross from one side of the Tunnel to the other without paying a fare and also bicycles for cyclists to go from one side of the Tunnel to the other without having to pay additional cost.”
Please provide an update on these claims and clarify whether or not they will be delivered.

The Mayor: Transport for London (TfL) is currently undertaking a range of activities to support the opening of the Silvertown Tunnel scheme. This includes further modelling and monitoring to inform forecasts of travel demand and support development of the new bus network and improved cross-river walking and cycling facilities. As part of this, TfL has been exploring options and undertaking initial design work for these new facilities, but you’ll appreciate this work is at an early stage.
I can assure you, however, that TfL has committed to delivering all of these measures prior to the tunnel opening, and the specific cross-river cycling proposals will be submitted to, and approved by, the relevant local planning authorities.

Disabled Person's Bus Pass Refusal

Susan Hall: How many instances have TfL refused to accept Disabled Person's bus passes each year since May 2016?

The Mayor: Transport for London (TfL) does not record such instances. It is rare that a Disabled Person’s Freedom Pass stops working. TfL has processes in place to ensure that those who need to travel can continue to do so whilst waiting for a replacement card.

Mentoring Opportunities

Susan Hall: What schemes have you created to deliver mentoring opportunities for Londoners? Please list the number of mentoring opportunities created in each year of their operation.

The Mayor: I am supporting 79 youth projects through my Young Londoners Fund for 10 to 21-year-olds that offer mentoring, these plan to reach 41,000 young people from October 2018 to December 2022. My community sport investment programme, Sport Unites, has supported 92 projects delivering sport and mentoring to 9,403 young people between 2018 and 2020. A further 17 projects taking place between August 2020 and March 2021 plan to provide mentoring for 1,960 young people.
My Headstart Action programme provided 316 employability mentoring opportunities for 14 to 18-year-olds in 2018-19, and since 2018, 235 mentoring opportunities have been provided on my Young London Inspired programme for 10 to 20-year-olds.
The Stepping Stones programme for young people transitioning from primary to secondary school has provided the following mentoring opportunities: 300 in 2016-17 (210 Year 7 mentees and 90 Year 10 mentors), 1,586 in 2018-19 (1098 and 488), 1,029 in 2019-20 (617 and 412). A further 2,015 opportunities will be delivered over 2020-21 and 2021-22 (1,380 mentees and 635 mentors). I will also soon be funding mentoring opportunities in London’s Pupil Referral Units.
I have also funded projects that use mentoring to support adult Londoners. My Forces for London programme supporting military veterans has offered 58 employability mentoring opportunities. Getting Ahead London, which supports education professionals into leadership has offered the following coaching opportunities: 2016-17: 63, 2017-18: 49, 2018-19: 60, 2019-20: 72 and 2020-21: 75.
Mentoring is also encouraged as part of the package of support offered to participants on my employability programmes supported by the European Social Fund.

Future Scope of London’s Transport Network

Navin Shah: London Travel-Watch are investigating the future shape of London’s transport network. Is there similar assessment being conducted by TfL to assess where when and how will people be travelling in the post-pandemic period?

The Mayor: Transport for London (TfL) is considering both the short and potentially longer-term impacts of the coronavirus pandemic on travel demand in London. TfL is carefully measuring and interpreting the short-term trends, which are still developing. TfL is also undertaking research to understand the motivations of travellers (including business) and the factors affecting their day to day lives such as employment, and their intentions for the future. TfL has also generated several medium-long term scenarios for travel in London, based on this emerging evidence, and are using these, which will be periodically updated as evidence continues to emerge, to inform their planning. A summary of this work will be included in Travel in London report 13, due to be published late November 2020.
London Travel Watch are meeting with TfL’s Director of City Planning to discuss their work and he will share TfL’s emerging thinking on these issues as well.

TfL Platform Markings

Susan Hall: How often are platform markings for visually impaired people reviewed and to what standard are they measured?

The Mayor: Transport for London has a rolling programme to review its station environments and platform train interfaces (PTI) and ensure that they remain safe.. The frequency of the review varies depending on the station location and the volume of customers at that station.
Work is then undertaken in accordance with Transport for London’s ‘S1131 A6 Premises - Station Platforms Standard’ document which includes:
• Paving, surfacing, edging
• Platform tactile strips
• Platform markings
• Under platform markings
• Platform accessibility humps and raised platforms
This Standard is based on regulations and guidance from a variety of sources including the Rail Vehicle Accessibility Regulations (RVAR) 2010, BS ISO 15686-1Buildings and constructed assets, ISO 15686-2 Buildings and constructed assets, BS8300 Parts 1&2:2018 Design of an accessible and inclusive built environment: Code of Practice and Department for Transport guidance.
This Standard is also supported by another document: Guidance on the use of Tactile Paving Surfaces.

Air Quality and Wellbeing (2)

Leonie Cooper: The recently produced Centric Lab Urban Health index for London links air quality and wellbeing. How does poor air quality impact on mental and emotional wellbeing?

The Mayor: The detrimental effects of air pollution on physical health have long been recognised. In contrast, our understanding of the impact of air pollution on mental health is still developing. In recent years, several studies have reported associations between air pollution and mental health problems. One study in London found exposure to high levels of PM2.5 and NO2at 12 years of age increased the risk of major depressive disorders at 18 respectively, after allowing for other factors. Researchers have noted that air pollution can directly kill nerve cells as well as triggering inflammation and hormonal imbalances, all of which can contribute to mental health problems.
This underlines yet again why it is so important we continue to take bold action to improving our city’s air quality, including expanding the ULEZ.